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Research

What the Research Says

Here is what published studies show about the sessions we offer, how strong that evidence is, and where it is thin. Every study links to its PubMed or FDA record so you can read it yourself.

Last reviewed: September 29, 2026

PEMF

Most PEMF research is in knee osteoarthritis. Results are mixed: some reviews find modest improvements in pain and function, others find none. Many of the trials are small and at high risk of bias. About PEMF sessions →

  1. 11 trials, 614 people with osteoarthritis: improvements in pain, stiffness and function, but six of the trials were at high risk of bias and results varied widely.

    Tong J et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields for pain, stiffness and function in osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Res Manag, 2022.
  2. 8 trials in knee osteoarthritis: physical function improved; no significant effect on pain or stiffness.

    Chen L et al. PEMF therapy for knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rehabil Med, 2019.
  3. 17 trials: generally positive but inconsistent findings across very different devices and settings.

    Cianni L et al. Current evidence using pulsed electromagnetic fields in osteoarthritis: a systematic review. J Clin Med, 2024.
  4. 9 trials in knee osteoarthritis: benefits depended on timing and device settings, and the statistically significant improvements may be too small to matter clinically.

    Chang YS et al. PEMF therapy in people with knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina (Kaunas), 2026.
  5. 4 trials in shoulder impingement: a small, short-term reduction in pain.

    Wang HY et al. PEMF therapy in shoulder impingement syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. PLoS One, 2025.
  6. 8 trials of magnetic field therapies for orthopedic pain: most reported less pain and better function with no serious side effects; the authors call for larger, better trials.

    Silva LD et al. Low- and high-intensity magnetic field therapies for orthopedic pain: a systematic review. Front Pain Res, 2026.

Red light (photobiomodulation)

Low-certainty evidence that specific doses of laser or LED light reduce knee osteoarthritis pain, and that light applied before exercise reduces later muscle soreness. Most studies used clinical lasers, so results may not carry over to every panel. About Red light sessions →

  1. 22 placebo-controlled trials in knee osteoarthritis: pain reduced versus placebo at recommended laser doses.

    Stausholm MB et al. Low-level laser therapy for pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. BMJ Open, 2019.
  2. 10 studies: pain reduced with very low certainty; not recommended on its own, but may complement exercise-based care.

    Oliveira S et al. Photobiomodulation for pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis. Phys Ther, 2024.
  3. Light applied before exercise improved some measures of muscular performance and fatigue in healthy people.

    Vanin AA et al. Photobiomodulation for muscular performance and exercise-related fatigue in healthy people: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci, 2018.
  4. 19 trials: low-certainty evidence that light applied before exercise reduces soreness afterward.

    Canez MS et al. Photobiomodulation, intermittent pneumatic compression and NMES for muscle recovery: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2025.
  5. 23 trials: small effects on muscle strength and endurance; the best settings are still unclear.

    Zhai H et al. Photobiomodulation therapy on muscle strength and endurance: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Integr Complement Med, 2026.

NormaTec compression

The over-the-counter NormaTec is FDA-cleared to temporarily relieve minor muscle aches and pains and to temporarily increase circulation. Studies of recovery find small effects at best, though many athletes like how it feels. About NormaTec compression sessions →

  1. Cleared indication for the over-the-counter models: temporarily relieve minor muscle aches and/or pains, and temporarily increase circulation to the treated areas.

    U.S. FDA 510(k) K183169: NormaTec Pulse 2.0 / Pro 2.0 (over-the-counter), cleared indications for use.
  2. 17 studies of leg compression after exercise: trivial-to-small effects on muscle function and trivial-to-moderate effects on perceived soreness.

    Maia F et al. Lower-limb intermittent pneumatic compression for sports recovery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport, 2024.
  3. Moderate-certainty evidence that pneumatic compression does not reduce soreness 24 hours after exercise.

    Canez MS et al. Photobiomodulation, intermittent pneumatic compression and NMES for muscle recovery: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2025.

Infrared sauna

Heat after exercise has mixed and inconclusive evidence for recovery. Most people use it simply to relax. About Infrared sauna sessions →

  1. 14 studies of post-exercise heat: not possible to draw firm conclusions; results were split.

    Ahokas EK et al. Post-exercise heat exposure, acute recovery and training adaptations: a systematic review. Sports Med Open, 2025.
  2. One small trial in 16 athletes: an infrared sauna session after training reduced soreness and the drop in jump performance.

    Ahokas EK et al. A post-exercise infrared sauna session and recovery after resistance training (16 athletes). Biol Sport, 2023.
  3. A review of regular dry sauna bathing: mostly small studies; more high-quality research is needed.

    Hussain J, Cohen M. Clinical effects of regular dry sauna bathing: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2018.

BrainTap

The research base is very thin. We offer BrainTap as a guided relaxation session, not a treatment. About BrainTap sessions →

  1. One randomized trial in 84 women with fibromyalgia compared BrainTap with music therapy; both groups improved on several measures.

    de Souza G et al. Brainwave entrainment and pain in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial (vs. music therapy). Pain Med, 2026.

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